Tag: howto

Centos 7 with cPanel loose network config

Nils Magnus EliassenLeave a comment

Today I have been struggeling with cPanel. I did install an Centos 7 server with cPanel WHM on it. I followed the instructions from tecmint and it was pretty straight forward! I have to admit, that was my thought all the way until I rebooted the server with an software update.

At firdst I didn’t know what happened. I thought it was a firewall issue etc. But I couldn’t find any issues. When I finally started to check the server more closely I discovereed when running ifconfig that there where no network card configured with the correct IP. I then moved further and tried to restarting the network service with the command: 

systemctl restart network.service

When doing this I got an error message :
Job for network.service failed because the control process exited with error code. See “systemctl status network.service” and “journalctl -xe” for details.

Checking “systemctl status network.service” gave me the following error message:

Failed to start LSB: Bring up/down networking.

This led me out on a desperate google search that lasted for a couple of hours. I found alot of articles that could be helpful but none that helped me. Or I did, in the end but it still felt like forever. I had read something similear to the solution below on my google searches. But those articles only said I needed to touch the network file (just create an empty file). But according to the forum post below I needed to add the commands below to /etc/sysconfig/network file.

NETWORKING=yes
GATEWAY=XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX

XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX represent the IP of the gateway for the CentOS server. When the file is edited I did a reboot and it all worked again! 🙂 I tried to restart the network.service but for some reason I had to do a complete reboot for it to work.

Forum post

Advertisement

Management access list on Juniper SRX

Nils Magnus EliassenLeave a comment

Sometimes you need to restrict access to your Juniper SRX firewall, or lets say you should always restrict the access to the firewall when it’s connected to the internet.

So now I’ll show you how to limit the traffic to your firewall to only be accessible from the allowed IP’s or IP ranges. In the first part we will insert the subnets and IP’s into a prefix list called manager.

set policy-options prefix-list manager-ip 192.168.4.254/32
set policy-options prefix-list manager-ip 10.0.0.0/8

The next part will tell the firewall to discard requests done to the firewall except to the IP’s in the prefix list above named manager. The filter will only apply to the services below so make sure to not remove any of the services you wan’t to limit access to. The last line in the snippet below is a block command to block off all the traffic hitting this term.

set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager from source-address 0.0.0.0/0
set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager from source-prefix-list manager-ip except
set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager from protocol tcp
set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager from destination-port ssh
set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager from destination-port https
set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager from destination-port telnet
set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager from destination-port http
set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager then discard

In the end we will accept everything to allow everything and by that only allowing access to the IP’s mentioned since they where excepted from the prevoius term that was blocked in the end.

set firewall filter manager-ip term accept_everything_else then accept

At the very end we add the filter to the loopback interface. By doing this all traffic will hit the rule, you can also add it to seperate interfaces if you only want to limit the traffic from certain interfaces.

set interfaces lo0 unit 0 family inet filter input manager-ip

When you have done that the firewall is a bit more secure than before. Hopefully I will have the chance to write how to secure your Juniper SRX even more later on. Below is all the code in one snippet for easy cut and paste.

set policy-options prefix-list manager-ip 192.168.4.254/32
set policy-options prefix-list manager-ip 10.0.0.0/8
set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager from source-address 0.0.0.0/0
set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager from source-prefix-list manager-ip except
set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager from protocol tcp
set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager from destination-port ssh
set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager from destination-port https
set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager from destination-port telnet
set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager from destination-port http
set firewall filter manager-ip term block_non_manager then discard
set firewall filter manager-ip term accept_everything_else then accept
set interfaces lo0 unit 0 family inet filter input manager-ip

Source:
https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/junos/topics/example/permitted-ip-configuring.html

Using python and SSH

Nils Magnus EliassenLeave a comment

Previously I have written a post about running telnet with Python. As everyone knows telnet is not the most secure protocol to manage devices. So I want to help you guys out with connecting to devices with SSH using python.

In this example I will be using fabric. Fabric is a python libary that helps you send SSH commands to devices. You can read more on their website about the libary: http://www.fabfile.org/ 

pip3 install fabric

Since I’m running python3 on my computer I run pip3, if you have installed python2.X you just need to have pip as the first word and not pip3 in the command.

from fabric import Connection
c = Connection(host = '10.78.23.12', user = 'username', connect_kwargs = {'password':'password'})
result = c.run('show version')
print(result)

The first line imports the module needed for connecting using SSH from the fabric libary.
Then the connection to the host is performed with ip, username and password. The last two lines is a variable where the command is added to and a print command to display the information in the variable. The command in this script is just a simple show version to display the information on a cisco switch.

Changing IP of HA WLC controller.

Nils Magnus Eliassen9 Comments

Today I did change IP of one of our HA Wireless Controllers. Since the company I work for got bought last year we have to change IP of our systems to fit into our new and bigger network.

Changing the IP address isn’t a big thing and you can do it without any downtime on the AP’s if you run flexconnect. If you run in local mode you will be looking at a short downtime. If you want to do it with the minimal of downtime you need a third controller that can host your AP’s while the HA cluster is down.

If you have a third controller that can host your AP’s you have to make sure that the mobility groups are configured and working to your HA. You can check this in the following menu: Controller -> Mobility Management -> Mobility Groups. In this menu all your mobility groups are listed. If the mobility group towards the controller is Up you should see it on the right side of the page. You also have to check this on the HA controller.
MobilityGroupCheck

If the mobility group is up and running then the next thing is to change primary controller for the AP’s. This is a very easy task but it’s time consuming if you don’t have Cisco Prime ( I got that luckily). From Cisco Prime you can just send out a template to all the AP’s and make them move to another primary controller. If you want to do it manually you can do it to. Then you have to first open an AP and choose High Availability. Then you configure the third controller as Primary. Within the next few minutes all the AP’s should be moved to a new controller.
HASettingAP

When there is no connected AP’s left we can start the work to re-IP the HA controller. The first thing we have to do is to break the HA cluster. We are not able to change the IP without breaking the cluster. When breaking the cluster there will also be a restart, so if you don’t have another controller for your AP’s, be ready for some downtime!

To disable the cluster you go to  Controller -> Redundancy -> Global Configuration. In the lower part of the page you have the option to Disable or Enable the cluster. Set the drop down to Disabled and press Apply in the top right corner. The controller will then ask you if you are sure about breaking the cluster and that the controller will restart. Accept this and wait for a few minutes.
DisableCluster

The WLC will after a few minutes boot up again on the same IP address as before. Then you should go to the Interface menu to change the management IP address.
InterfaceOverview1.jpg

Change the IP Address, Netmask and Gateway to the new values and press Apply. You will now loose connection and need to connect on the new IP’s It’s very important to enter the correct IP’s so you don’t loose contact (or you could use the integrated service port if you have a 550x).
ManagementInterface

The next interface you need to change is the redundancy management IP address. This IP should be in the same subnet as the management IP. So unless you change the IP to something in the same subnet as your previous IP you need to change this IP also. This IP also needs to match the Redundancy mgmt IP in Controller -> Redundancy -> Global Configuration.
2016-08-17_09-23-42.jpg

The last thing you need to do o this controller is go back to Controller -> Redundancy -> Global Configuration and change the IP’s for the Redundancy mgmt IPs and enable the cluster again.
2016-09-06_22-53-56

You should now be finished With the first Controller. The IP for the WLC HA is now active and if you want to move the AP’s to the New Controller you can do that now. You shoudl be able to Connect to the remaining Controller on the old management IP address. You should repeat the steps for changing the Redundancy mgmt IP and Redundancy port IP. When this is done you only need to enable the cluster on this Controller also and the HA should be working again as before.

When you have enable HA on the second Controller you can go to Monitor -> Redundancy -> Summary. There you will be able to see if the HA cluster is running successfully again.
2016-09-06_23-28-44

Your cluster should now be working correctly. If you got questions or feedback please leave a comment!

Configuring a VPN tunnel from a VRF

Nils Magnus Eliassen1 Comment

In the company where I work we deliver some of our product using boats. Since most of our customers are in remote locations we use a supplier that have good coverage in those locations. The issue then becomes that the same supplier has a high cost on the bandwidth and they don’t have a good coverage in the areas where our factories are. To reduce cost and ensure good coverage close to our factories we have a wireless network that the boats connect to when they arrive. I have added a picture with a simple diagram showing the solution.
Boat network

At the moment we have Juniper SSG550M in a central location as our VPN hub. We have just recently started to buy Cisco routers instead of Juniper firewalls for the boats. So I had to configure the Cisco routers so they would automatically switch between the 2 connections and always try to choose our wireless connection first (the connection close to our factories).

I did this with the help of BGP and gave the expensive connection more AS path compared to our wireless connection at the factories. The VPN is a VTI/Routing based tunnel.

I will first start with the configuration of the Cisco router. In the first section here I am configuring the settings of the VPN tunnel:

crypto isakmp policy 10
encr aes 256
authentication pre-share
group 14
lifetime 3600
crypto isakmp invalid-spi-recovery
crypto isakmp keepalive 10
!
crypto ipsec transform-set aes256-sha esp-aes 256 esp-sha-hmac
mode tunnel
!
!
crypto ipsec profile boat-vpn
set transform-set aes256-sha
set pfs group14

With all the options set I can build the tunnel itself. The first tunnel is the one wireless in the factories. I have put the connection into a separate vrf to avoid conflicts between the two connections. I also want all the internet traffic to go over the “expensive connection”. Since the boats visit different factories I only have a dynamic IP at the boats. Every time they arrive at a factory they will receive a new IP, so the tunnel is configured with aggressive mode and identified by the fqdn name. Also remember to use another password than supersecret 🙂

ip vrf factorywireless
crypto isakmp peer address 192.168.2.1 vrf factorywireless
set aggressive-mode password supersecret
set aggressive-mode client-endpoint fqdn boat.example.com

For the second and primary connection I will use the default router instance. This is the connection that will have coverage most of the time and is where the internet traffic will be running . This connection is also using aggressive mode.

crypto isakmp peer address 8.8.8.8
set aggressive-mode password supersecret
set aggressive-mode client-endpoint fqdn boat-dialup.example.com

The interfaces for the tunnel are configured pretty straight forward as a normal VTI interfaces. The only difference is that the tunnel that connects from the factorywireless vrf has a line about that.

interface Tunnel1
description Tunnel over ICE
ip address 10.0.1.6 255.255.255.252
tunnel source FastEthernet4
tunnel mode ipsec ipv4
tunnel destination 8.8.8.8
tunnel protection ipsec profile boat-vpn
!
interface Tunnel105
description Tunnel over Wireless at factories
ip address 10.0.1.2 255.255.255.252
tunnel source Vlan110
tunnel mode ipsec ipv4
tunnel vrf factorywireless
tunnel destination 192.168.2.1
tunnel protection ipsec profile boat-vpn

The last thing we need to do on the Cisco router is to configure the BGP. This is to make sure the traffic is routed on the correct path. You can see that I have added route map prepend-internet  where I have configured 4 extra prepends to the AS path. I only configure the AS path on an outgoing basis so you will see the same amount of prepends on the Netscreen. The prepend is only configured on the traffic going over the expensive internet connection.

router bgp 64501
bgp log-neighbor-changes
network 10.2.1.0 mask 255.255.255.192
neighbor 10.0.111.1 remote-as 64590
neighbor 10.0.111.1 route-map prepend-internet out
neighbor 10.0.111.5 remote-as 64500
!
route-map prepend-internet permit 10
 set as-path prepend 64501 64501 64501 64501

 

 

That completes the configuration of the Cisco router. We will now start on the configuration on the SSG550M. I will start with the configuration of the VPN proposal. It’s important that these match the Cisco device that we tested with before.

 set ike p1-proposal "vpn-boats-phase1" preshare group14 esp aes256 sha-1 second 3600
 set ike p2-proposal vpn-boats-phase-2 group14 esp aes256 sha-1 second 3600

Then we will create the connection for the VPN tunnels. We will start on the factory wireless connection. Since we never know what IP address the tunnel is coming from this will be an aggressive tunnel. Remember to type the fqdn name for the connection correct in the first line and choose the correct interface. The interface that you bind the connection to is also important to remember since you will create it in the next section.

set ike gateway "vpn-boats-fb4" address 0.0.0.0 id "boat.example.com" Aggr outgoing-interface "redundant1" preshare "supersecret" proposal "vpn-boats-phase1"
 set vpn vpn-boats gateway vpn-boats replay proposal vpn-boats-phase-2 
 set vpn vpn-boats bind interface tunnel.1
 set vpn vpn-boats monitor optimized rekey

The second connection is almost the same but it contains NAT traversal and is using another incoming interface. The NAT traversal is enabled since I don’t get a public IP on the boat towards the internet.

 set ike gateway "vpn-boats-cellular" address 0.0.0.0 id "boat-dialup.example.com" Aggr outgoing-interface "redundant2" preshare "supersecret" proposal "vpn-boats-phase1"
 set ike gateway vpn-boats-cellular nat-traversal
 set vpn vpn-boats-cellular gateway vpn-boats-cellular replay proposal vpn-boats-phase-2 
 set vpn vpn-boats-cellular bind interface tunnel.2
 set vpn vpn-boats-cellular monitor optimized rekey
 unset vpn vpn-boats-cellular dscp-mark

The last thing needed before getting the connection up on the VPN tunnel is creating the tunnel interfaces.Remember to choose the address that you are peering with on the BGP and the tunnel number you did bind in the previous section

 set interface tunnel.1 zone vpn-boats
 set interface tunnel.1 ip 10.0.111.1/30
set interface tunnel.1 protocol bgp
set interface tunnel.1 protocol ping
 set interface tunnel.2 zone vpn-boats
set interface tunnel.2 ip 10.0.111.5/30
set interface tunnel.2 protocol bgp
set interface tunnel.2 protocol ping

Now your tunnel should be UP and running and you can do a ping test to verify the connection between them. We will now start on the final part that is the BGP configuration. I am expecting that the BGP config on the device itself is done when writing this so I wont include all the BGP configuration. Only the important part 🙂

I’m beginning with creating the route-map to prepend the traffic over the VPN. The route map will be named internet-prepend. The AS number on the local router is 64500.

set vrouter trust-vr
 set route-map name internet-prepend permit 1
 set match ip 20 10
 set as-path 12
 exit
set protocol bgp 64500
 set as-path-access-list 12 permit "64500 64500"

Then I will start configuring the neighbor connections. The first will be the BGP going over the internet and is having the prepend enabled. The rest of the configuration is straight forward.

set neighbor 10.0.111.6 remote-as 64501 local-ip 10.0.111.5/30
set neighbor 10.0.111.6 activate
set neighbor 10.0.111.6 force-reconnect
set neighbor 10.0.111.6 nhself-enable
set neighbor 10.0.111.6 reject-default-route
set neighbor 10.0.111.6 enable
set neighbor 10.0.111.6 route-map internet-prepend out

Then it’s the last BGP connection. It’s almost the same as the previous one except for the prepend.

set neighbor 10.0.111.2 remote-as 64501 local-ip 10.0.111.1/30
set neighbor 10.0.111.2 activate
set neighbor 10.0.111.2 force-reconnect
set neighbor 10.0.111.2 nhself-enable
set neighbor 10.0.111.2 reject-default-route
set neighbor 10.0.111.2 enable

That is all. If you have any questions or comments you can leave one in the comments section below.

Downgrading from Lightweight AP to Autonomous AP

Nils Magnus EliassenLeave a comment

Hi all

Today I did something new to me. I did a downgrade from a lightweight AP to an standalone AP remotely. I have previously used the old method with the console cable and TFTP server at a local network (until yesterday I only knew about this method). Today I did not have that possibilty and I then took advantage of the following command:

config ap tftp-downgrade tftp-server-ip-address filename access-point-name

You enter the command into the controller and it then starts the downgrade. But there is one thing that bothers me, you can’t monitor the process. My AP’s are located on boats with an controller in the datacenter. They have been running flexconnect but I wan’t to turn them into standalone AP’s since that works better for the solution I have on the boats. The problems is that the boats has low bandwidth and they loose the connection  from time to time. For the TFTP downgrade it seemed fine with a 30 sec downtime for the transfer but I got some issues when it was above that. So how do I monitor the downgrade of the AP?

The solution was to log into the AP by SSH and check that the AP contained an upgrade folder in the flash. The command to do this is:

dir flash:

If the folder upgrade shows up in the list it should be working on an upgrade, normally if the upgrade fails the folder is autmaticly deleted. But I have seen this does not always happen. You could the check the files inside the upgrade folder and look for a change in the filesize. If you type “dir flash:update/<version-folder>” you should see the filesize of normally the last file change every second. I have added an example below where you can see the filesize of  8005.img is 627200.

boat-wl-01#dir flash:update/ap1g2-k9w7-mx.153-3.JC
Directory of flash:update/ap1g2-k9w7-mx.153-3.JC/

22 -rwx 123464 May 12 2016 10:14:52 +00:00 ap1g2-k9w7-mx.153-3.JC
 24 drwx 64 May 12 2016 10:14:52 +00:00 html
 253 -rwx 9029888 May 12 2016 10:45:05 +00:00 ap1g2-k9w7-xx.153-3.JC
 254 -rwx 627200 May 12 2016 10:46:58 +00:00 8005.img

31808000 bytes total (8753152 bytes free)

If you look at the text below you can also see that the size is changing for the file 8005.img. In the example below the filesize is 833536.

boat-wl-01#dir flash:update/ap1g2-k9w7-mx.153-3.JC
Directory of flash:update/ap1g2-k9w7-mx.153-3.JC/

22 -rwx 123464 May 12 2016 10:14:52 +00:00 ap1g2-k9w7-mx.153-3.JC
 24 drwx 64 May 12 2016 10:14:52 +00:00 html
 253 -rwx 9029888 May 12 2016 10:45:05 +00:00 ap1g2-k9w7-xx.153-3.JC
 254 -rwx 833536 May 12 2016 10:47:39 +00:00 8005.img

31808000 bytes total (8546816 bytes free)

 

Examples of issues I got when testing other ways of downgrading:

I tried to do the downgrade directly from the AP while downgrading from the WLC at the same time ( I thought the downgrade from the WLC failed). It then gave me the following error:

boat-wl-01#archive download-sw tftp://172.17.76.231/ap1g2-k9w7-tar.153-3.JC.tar
Unable to create temp dir "flash:/update"
Download image failed, notify controller!!! From:8.0.121.0 to 8.2.100.0, FailureCode:7

Obviously that won’t work but the command itself should work, but I liked more doing it from the controller. I just found it easier that way.

If you try several times to downgrade from the controller you will see the following message in the event log of the lightweight AP:

*May 12 10:18:09.351: lwapp_image_proc: encounter flash problem, retry here
*May 12 10:18:09.351: lwapp_image_proc: encounter flash problem, retry here
*May 12 10:18:09.351: lwapp_image_proc: encounter flash problem, retry here

 

Let people without Dropbox upload files

Nils Magnus Eliassen1 Comment

Let people without Dropbox upload files to you

Go to https://dropbox.com and log in. Then you click on «File requests»
0016

Press «Request files»
0015

Enter a description for the request. This will show on the upload page. Then you press «Change folder» so the files are uploaded to the correct folder. The folder name and location will not be shown to the person uploading the files.
0013

Browse to the correct folder and mark the folder you want the files to be stored in.
0011

You can now see that the folder name is changed. Pres “Next to continue”
0010

In the next page you will get the link that you can send to the person that needs to upload files to you. There is also a function where you can let Dropbox send the link for you.
0009
After this you are done. Now you just have to wait for the files to be uploaded.

The following is what needs to be done by the uploader

The person uploading the files will get an e-mail like this. He should press «Upload files» to upload the files to your Dropbox.
0008

When the «Upload files» is pressed an internet browser should open and you should see the following image. Press «Choose files» to continue.
0007

Then you will have the possibility to upload one or more files for uploading. To select more than one file keep Control (CTRL) pressed while selecting files.
0005

The uploader should now see a list over files that is ready for upload. He can also press «Add another file» to add more files to the same upload. He can also enter his name and e-mail address so that it’s possible to see who uploads what. The files are uploaded when pressing “Upload”
0004

When that is completed the upload is finished and the files are in the Dropbox.0002